3G. Release
Trip Start
Unknown
1
29
52
Trip End
Ongoing
Phnom Penh,
Cambodia
Thursday, June 19, 2008
I. Standards
International Telecommunications Union (ITU): IMT-2000 consists of six radio interfaces
· W-CDMA
· CDMA2000
· TD-CDMA / TD-SCDMA
· UWC (often implemented with EDGE )
· DECT
· Mobile WiMAX [1]
II. Release '99
· Bearer services
· 64 kbit/s circuit switched
· 384 kbit/s packet switched
· Location services
· Call services: compatible with Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), based on Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)
III. Release 4
· Edge radio
· Multimedia messaging
· MeXe levels
· Improved location services
· IP Multimedia Services (IMS)
IV. Release 5
· IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)
The IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is an architectural framework for delivering internet protocol (IP) multimedia to mobile users. It was originally designed by the wireless standards body 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), and is part of the vision for evolving mobile networks beyond GSM . Its original formulation (3GPP R5) represented an approach to delivering "Internet services" over GPRS . This vision was later updated by 3GPP, 3GPP2 and TISPAN by requiring support of networks other than GPRS, such as Wireless LAN , CDMA2000 and fixed line.
To ease the integration with the Internet, IMS as far as possible uses IETF (i.e. Internet) protocols such as Session Initiation Protocol (SIP). According to the 3GPP[1] , IMS is not intended to standardise applications itself but to aid the access of multimedia and voice applications across wireless and wireline terminals, i.e. aid a form of fixed mobile convergence (FMC). This is done by having a horizontal control layer that isolates the access network from the service layer. Services need not have their own control functions, as the control layer is a common horizontal layer.
Alternative and overlapping technologies for access and provision of services across wired and wireless networks depend on the actual requirements, and include combinations of Generic Access Network , soft switches and "naked" SIP. This makes the business use of IMS less appealing. It is easier to sell services than to sell the virtues of "integrated services". But, services for IMS have not been prolific.
Since IMS was conceived years ago, it is becoming increasingly easier to access content and contacts using mechanisms outside the control of traditional wireless/fixed operators, and so those operators are likely to reconsider their strategies[2] . Although it is expected that eventually IP will be available on all mobile phones and operators, it is not clear how much of the 3GPP/3GPP2/TISPAN IMS as it exists today will be deployed. "Early IMS" might be used in IMS implementations that do not yet support all "Full IMS" requirements, although it's not clearly defined what differences there might be (IPv4 support instead of IPv6 is often mentioned).
· IPv6 , IP transport in UTRAN
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is a network layer for packet -switched internetworks . It is designated as the successor of IPv4 , the current version of the Internet Protocol , for general use on the Internet .
The main change brought by IPv6 is a much larger address space that allows greater flexibility in assigning addresses. It was not the intention of IPv6 designers, however, to give permanent unique addresses to every individual and every computer. Rather, the extended address length eliminates the need to use network address translation to avoid address exhaustion, and also simplifies aspects of address assignment and renumbering when changing providers.
It is common to see examples that attempt to show that the IPv6 address space is absurdly large. For example, IPv6 supports 2128 (about 3.4×1038) addresses, or approximately 5×1028 addresses for each of the roughly 6.5 billion people[1] alive today. In a different perspective, this is 252 addresses for every star in the known universe [1] - a million times as many addresses per star than IPv4 supported for our single planet. These examples, however, have an underlying and incorrect assumption that the goal of IPv6 is the dense assignment of unique addresses to every possible entity.
The large number of addresses allows a hierarchical allocation of addresses that may make routing and renumbering simpler. With IPv4, complex CIDR techniques were developed to make the best possible use of a restricted address space. Renumbering, when changing providers, can be a major effort with IPv4, as discussed in RFC 2071 and RFC 2072 . With IPv6, however, renumbering becomes largely automatic, because the host identifiers are decoupled from the network provider identifier. Separate address spaces exist for ISPs and for hosts, which are "inefficient" in address space bits but are extremely efficient for operational issues such as changing service providers.
UTRAN , short for UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network, is a collective term for the Node-B 's and Radio Network Controllers which make up the UMTS radio access network . This communications network, commonly referred to as 3G (for 3rd Generation Wireless Mobile Communication Technology), can carry many traffic types from real-time Circuit Switched to IP based Packet Switched . The UTRAN allows connectivity between the UE (user equipment) and the core network. See also GERAN . The UTRAN contains the base stations, which are called Node Bs, and Radio Network Controllers (RNC). The RNC provides control functionalities for one or more Node Bs. A Node B and an RNC can be the same device, although typical implementations have a separate RNC located in a central office serving multiple Node B's. Despite the fact that they do not have to be physically separated, there is a logical interface between them known as the Iub. The RNC and its corresponding Node Bs are called the Radio Network Subsystem (RNS). There can be more than one RNS present in an UTRAN.
There are four interfaces connecting the UTRAN internally or externally to other functional entities: Iu, Uu, Iub and Iur. The Iu interface is an external interface that connects the RNC to the Core Network (CN). The Uu is also external, connecting the Node B with the User Equipment (UE). The Iub is an internal interface connecting the RNC with the Node B. And at last there is the Iur interface which is an internal interface most of the time, but can, exceptionally be an external interface too for some network architectures. The Iur connects two RNCs with each other.
· Improvements in GERAN, Mexe, etc
· HSDPA
High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) is a 3G (third generation) mobile telephony communications protocol in the High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) family, which allows networks based on Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) to have higher data transfer speeds and capacity. Current HSDPA deployments support down-link speeds of 1.8, 3.6, 7.2 and 14.4 Mbit/s. Further speed increases are planned for the near future. The networks are then to be upgraded to Evolved HSPA , which provides speeds of 42 Mbit/s downlink in its first release.[1]
Release 6
· WLAN integration
See also: Virtual LAN
A wireless LAN or WLAN is a wireless local area network , which is the linking of two or more computers without using wires. WLAN utilizes spread-spectrum or OFDM modulation technology based on radio waves to enable communication between devices in a limited area, also known as the basic service set. This gives users the mobility to move around within a broad coverage area and still be connected to the network.
For the home user, wireless has become popular due to ease of installation, and location freedom with the gaining popularity of laptops . Public businesses such as coffee shops or malls have begun to offer wireless access to their customers; some are even provided as a free service. Large wireless network projects are being put up in many major cities. Google is even providing a free service to Mountain View, California HYPERLINK \l "_note-0" [1] and has entered a bid to do the same for San Francisco .[2] New York City has also begun a pilot program to cover all five boroughs of the city with wireless Internet access.
· Multimedia broadcast and multicast
· Improvements in IMS
· HSUPA
