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Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan

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Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan

GAMIGAYA - Gamigaya, peak in the watershed of Zangazur chain in northeast of Tivi and Nesirvaz villages in the territory of Ordubad has the height of 3725 m. The cone typed mountain with precipitous slope consists of the ancient volcanic rocks. For thousand years the Gamiyaga plains played important role in economic life of the Nakhchiva population, and somehow turned into saint place where natural temples emerged.



FARHAD EVI (FARHAD'S HOUSE) - an archeological monument in Batabat palin, in the east of Bichenek village in Shahbuz region. It is on the right of Nakhchivan-Lachin-Yevlakh highway, and about 1 km to the east from Zorbulag.

There is a caravan way from Nakhchivan to Farhad evi. The station was built in Batabat plain that known as Farhad evi. In the Middle Ages as the traffic became more tense between Nakhchivan-Batabat, that's why one more caravanserai was constructed a little bit far in the north from Farhad evi. The local population called this place Shah Abbas caravanserai







ASHABI KAHF - means the "cave people" in Arabic, it is 12 km far away from Nakhchivan city, between Ilandagh ad Nahajir dagh. There is also the same name place in Small Asia or Palestine, and it was mentioned in ancient religious books, and Koran as well. According to legend in "Kahf" ("Cave") surah, the youth who wanted to get rid of the prosecution enter the cave together with the dog. Allah made them sleeps, and then woke them up hundreds of years later. The legend spread in Nakhchivan has approximately the same sense. By the order and patronage of the President of Azerbaijan Republic Heydar Aliyev, the restoration work is held here, the condition is developed for pilgrims, and the mosques are built.









YUSIF IBN KUSEYR'S TOMB - one of the most ancient monuments in Nakhchivan. People call it also Atababa tomb. On the epitaph of the tomb, it was written that the tomb was built by the architect Ajami Nakhchivani son of Abubakr in 1162, and the name of the person who buried there is written on the stone as well. The ayahs (sentences) from Koran are written on the wall of the monument. The tomb consists of underground and eight-pointed surface. The underground is the tomb, and the surface is of monumental type like memorial monument. The ornaments are made of small bricks, and were fixed to the surfaces by means of cement substances.







MUMINE KHATUN TOMB - the huge monument of Azerbaijan national architecture, one of the Oriental pearls - Mumine Khatun tomb was built (architect Ajami Nakhchivani son of Abubakr) in 1186 in the western part of Nakhchivan. The founder of the Azerbaijani state of Eldenizler, Shamsaddin Eldeniz decided to built tomb on the grave of his wife Mumine Khatun, and his son Muhammed Jahan Pahlavan finished the construction work in Muharrem (month) in hijri 582 (the beginning of Moslem era from the 16th of June 622, that's). The local people also call it Atabeyler monument. On the head of the monument, the following words are written: "We are going, and only wind is left. We die, and only the work is kept."

The total height of the monument was 34 m, and then 8 m out of its surface cover was destroyed. The tomb consists of the surface and underground parts. The tomb part is of ten-pointed shape. According to some other researchers, the tombs of the Head of Atabeyler state- Shamsaddin Eldeniz, his wife Mumine Khatun and his son Muhammed Jahan Pahlavan are all together placed in he monument. The tombstones of those buried there were robbed away. The tomb is of original structure, and is rich in design. Arcs are made from the central column to each of the corners. The same structure of the tomb lately was used in gothic architecture in the West. The outside of the tomb is of ten-pointed shape (each point surrounded with inscriptions), but inside it is round. Inside the dome of the tomb, there four round medallions with the names of the caliphs. The corners of the Mumine Khatun tomb made of burnt brick are of protuberance form, and the surface of the tomb is worked out like hollow.







Garabaghlar tomb - belongs to the middle Ages, and situated in the Garabaghlar village in Sharur region. The tomb is the monument. Besides Garabaghlar tomb there are also two minarets and building pieces among them. Both of the minarets are supposed to belong to late XII- early XIII centuries. And the arc connecting these minarets belongs to XIV century. The name of Head of the Elkhani state Hulaki khan's wife's name Guti khatun is written in the tombstone.








GILAN TOMB - belongs to Middle Ages, and is situated in Orduban region. In 1979, it was discovered in the place of the Kharabagilan city. It is sometimes called as "Gilan tomb" as well. The surface tower of the tomb was destroyed but the tomb is in good condition. The tomb is of eight pointed inside, and right-angled outside. The Gilan tomb differs from those with the eight-pointed corner in Azerbaijan and neighboring because of its cover and deep niche, which laid face-to-face the entrance door. The ceiling and floor, as well as the wall and central column are plastered with white substance. The destroyed tower left only with small pieces, is built of brick. Despite the fact that there are no inscriptions on the construction period of the tomb, but it is supposed to belong to XII century.







GULUSTAN TOMB - belongs to Middle Ages, near the Gulustan village in Julfa region. The Gulustan tomb built with the impact of Mumine Khatun tomb belongs to tower type tomb group in Azerbaijan. The 12-sided body of the tomb is built of red sand stone, and the original platform (in the shape of cut cornered cub) of planed stone. The surface of the tomb was decorated with hollow geometric ornaments, and decorative arcs. The joint place of the body to seats, and the passage to tower was surrounded with hollow bands of stalactite shape.








GULUSTAN KARVANSARA - this monument is also situated in Gulustan village of Julfa region, on the left bank of Araks River. The relicts of Gulustan Karvansara were discovered as a result of field-researches in 1974, in 1978 the building plan was completely cleared out. During the construction of Baku-Julfa railway (1939-1940), almost half of the Karvansara was destroyed. The researches prove that Gulustan Karvansara is the most beautiful and largest railway caravanserai among others in Azerbaijan.




NAKHCHIVAN JUMA MOSQUE - this monument belongs to Middle Ages as well, and it was also constructed by architect Ajami Nakhchivani son of Abubakr, and is one the monuments of Atabeyler architecture complex. It was conserved in the destroyed condition by XIX century







Kohnegala - the Middle Ages settlement far from Shapurgala, near to Shahbuzkend in Shahbuz region. It was registered in 1990. Area is more than 10 ha. It is surrounded with precipitous cliffs. During the archeological exploration the clay pots pieces were discovered. The stonewall pieces in the southeast part of Kohnegala may be observed far from 150 m. The surface materials are iron, lion-off and lion earthenware pots and pieces of glass dishes. The settlements are supposed to belong to XIV-XVIII centuries.













ARCHEOLOGICAL RESEARCHES


Kora-koze - the Middle Ages settlement in the southwest of Sust village of Babek region. It was studied by Nakhchivan archeological expedition in 1979. Total area is about 3 ha. Some of the construction materials are left in the settlement area. The cultural layer is rich with ceramic products. The surface materials consist of pink colored common and lion pot pieces. The discoveries belong to XV-XVII centuries.

Kohnegala - the Middle Ages settlement far from Shapurgala, near to Shahbuzkend in Shahbuz region. It was registered in 1990. Area is more than 10 ha. It is surrounded with precipitous cliffs. During the archeological exploration the clay pots pieces were discovered. The stonewall pieces in the southeast part of Kohnegala may be observed far from 150 km. The surface materials are iron, lion-off and lion earthenware pots and pieces of glass dishes. The settlements are supposed to belong to XIV-XVIII centuries



Kultepe - the Bronze Age settlement near Sadarak village in Sadarak region, has the total are of about 5 ha. The ceramic products pieces and stone labor tools were discovered in the area. The cultural layer consists of clay layer mixed with ashes, flint and obsidian pieces; the ashes pile and fireplaces were also discovered. The airbrick pieces, river stones and other construction materials were also discovered in the layer. A number of ceramic products - specially grey and red burnt clay pots patterns, colored pots with red ungobe cover and black decorations and so on were found out. According to discoveries Kultepe settlement is supposed to belong to III-I millenniums.



Gazma cave - is the Paleolithic period camp on 1500 meters above the sea level, on the left bank of Arpachay River, in 3 km far in the south-east from Tenenem village in Sharur region. The length of the cave is 22m, width 1.0-6.5m. It was discovered in 1987-90s with six layers. The total thickness of the deposits equals 3 m. As a result of excavations in 20 m2 territories, more than 12000 hunted animal bones and about 1000 obsidians, flints and labor tools of stone have been discovered in the area. Besides stone tools, bone awls, knives and carving tools were also discovered. Several fireplaces were noted in V and VI layers.
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Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan

Nowadays, in Autonomous Republic there are being operated 292 libraries, 245 club enterprises, 20 museums, one painting gallery, 2 state theaters, 5 cultural and recreation park, 26 infant music art school.


MUSEUMS



Nakhchivan State History Museum is scientific - research and cultural enterprise. In 1924 it was formed as history ethnography museum. Since December 1968 it changed present name. In Museum are operated 9 divisions. In the fund and in exposition the museum keeps nearly 40 thousands exhibits. While carrying out in Autonomous Republic digging archeology works there were discovered material cultural and applied art samples, nature sew specimen, carpet articles, drawing works and other articles were exhibited. Meanwhile, in museum are being held meetings, measures and memory nights.

Address: 94 Independent st., Nakhchivan city telephone 5-01-39



Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic Literate Museum - The Museum had been founded in June 12, 1967 in Nakhchivan city. During these years the museum possessed by 98 exhibits. Right now number of exhibits equals to more than 1800 units. The Museum is called after Djalil Mammadkuluzade, Azerbaijan dramaturgy. In the museum fund of Azerbaijan are available basically valuable manuscript, applied and descriptive art specimens, ancient books, memory things and others, which are being under custody.

Address: 19 Nizami st., Nakhchivan city. Telephone 5-16-80.




Nakhchivan State Carpet Museum - this cultural and educated entity was established in March 1998. It is allocated in "Khan house" in Khan top related to 200-year history. The Museum consists of 8 halls. When museum was founded there are 241 types of carpet have been secured. We should emphasize that the work being belonged to national painter K.Aliyev, the knitted carpet with portrait of former president Heydar Aliyev here is deemed the most beautiful carpet and is staying under strict protection and subject to exhibited. In the Museum there also in operation Nakhchivan khanate and religious khanim museum.

In October 1999 whilst celebrating 75-year jubilee his Excellency, the President of Azerbaijan Republic, during his staying in Nakhchivan, attended museum and examined exhibits.

Address: Khan house, Nakhchivan. Telephone 5-80-39



Huseyn Javid home museum - The museum was founded under the Resolution of Azerbaijan government on December 25, 1980 and was opened in living area in June 1984 where Alikhan was born. The Museum Fund collected nearly 6000 exhibits. Here such articles as photo-pictures, first editing of works, various memories and home objects, being reflected life and creative work of the writer, are being stored here. The Museum is connected with H.Javid creative work's investigation. Here are being held meeting with a certain creative collective of "Huseyn Javid poesy club", admirer of Javid scientists, with writer and poets.

Address: 4 Huseyn Javid st. Nakhchivan city. Telephone 5-27-26


Heydar Aliyev museum - was founded on the basis of the resolution of Supreme Council of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic dated February 18, 1999. And from this year on May 10 it shows its activity. In the Museum there are available posters dedicated to Heydar Aliyev family, his childhood and youth, relevant documents and materials having relation to period when chairman of Supreme Council of Nakhchivan Republic worked, as well as signed letters, resolutions and orders. The Museum also collected materials devoted to different regions of Azerbaijan where people resided and made their appeals to them. In the museum "Return", "I am unanimous with the nation", "Nakhchivan lives and fights" divisions were founded. The library of museum possesses by wide range of journals, albums, and books, reflecting life and activity of Heydar Aliyev.

Address: Azadlig Street, Nakhchivan city. Telephone 45-92-98


Djamshid Nakhchivansky home museum - The museum has been established in Nakhchivan city on the Resolution issued by Azerbaijan Government dated of August 8, 1981. Pursuant to 85-jubilee celebration of birthday of honorable commander S. Nakhchivanski, the museum created from the house where he lived, constitutes 320 m2. The Fund consists of 2 rooms, exhibiting areas, 3 halls and 1 subsidiary room. Here are being exhibited nearly 4500 exhibits. Also, the museum used to carry out memory days, meetings and disputes.

Address: 6 Ataturk st. Nakhchivan city. Telephone 5-21-16




Djalil Mammadkulizade home museum - was founded in Nakhchivan city by the Resolution of Excellency President of Azerbaijan Republic Heydar Aliyev on July 19, 1998. The Museum opening ceremony was held in 1999. The President Heydar Aliyev made his speech in the ceremony. Here, are being carried out permanent exposition dedicated to life and creative works of illustrious writer.

Address: Agamalioglu st., Nakhchivan city. Telephone 5-67-86


Djalil Mammadkulizade memorial museum - was founded under the Resolution number 44of Azerbaijan SSR Soviet Ministers on February 9, 1989 in the school of Nehram village where Djalil Mamedkulizade run training courses. Nowadays, in the museum are being collected and stored 553 material-cultural samples, the works dedicated to creative life of Mirza Djalil, including Molla Nasreddin and other works. The aforesaid material-cultural specimen, all of them was inserted into the Fund of the museum. The museum being paid significant part in the region is considered cultural-enlightenment enterprise. During the years from the part of the museum according to individuality roughly carried out serving for 3500 persons and nearly for 4000 citizens the museum renders services by means of excursions.

Address: Babek area, Nehram village, Memorial museum- is allocated in Nakhchivan city. The Museum had been founded in accordance with the Resolution of Azerbaijan Cabinet Ministers number 129 dated July 26, 2000. The Museum collected, stored and exhibited materials related to Great Patria War, genocide, Azerbaijan - Armenia relationships, victims and more than 1020 material-cultural samples. From the part of the Museum during years there were carried out various measures, excursions, fairs, and exhibitions, which allowed serving more than 1000 citizens.

Addrees: Pishevari st. Nakhchivan city. Telephone: 4-50-07



The museum under opened heavens - was established in accordance with the Decree of Supreme Council of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic dated July 11, 2002. In the museums during different periods of time there were being collected, stored and exhibited 84 material cultural values, out of them rock memorials, muttons figures and others. In the museum covered different periods of our history it is being collected stored and exhibited 84 material-cultural values consisting of rock sculptures, sheep figures and etc. During the years the Museum renders services to nearly more than 5000 citizens.

Address: Adjami seyrangakhi, Nakhchivan city. Telephone: 5-08-06




Ordubad History Regional Studies - was established in 1981 and allocated in Djuma-mosque building. The Museum covers 650 square meters and consists of 8 departments. Here it is being exhibited history and culture of Ordubad Region since the most ancient period of time till present time. The Museum collected such articles as national art works, music instruments, national wear and featured decorations, painting works, sculptor and applied art samples, ancient numismatic materials, wood works, jewelers works, coppersmith works and ceramist products, decorative things, carpets, photo pictures, documents and others - total 400 pieces of exponents. There are available archive and library. In the territory of the museum the discovered excavations also occupies important role.

Address: 19 F.Zeynalov st., Ordubad town


Mammad Seid Ordubad home museum - the museum was opened in 1972 due to 100 year celebration jubilee of writer in the building where he was born. In the museum are being collected the materials reflecting writer's life and activity such as photo pictures, different documents, memorial works relating to his living period of time, portraits, samples having been printed in a certain of languages during various period of times, letters and manuscripts, pictures and memorials depicting amicable link of Mammad Said Ordubadi with the honorable figures. The Museum shows fruitful activity in terms of learning of rich literate heritage of Mammad Said Ordubad and in the field of propaganda.

Address: 11 Mingish st., Ordubad town.


Yusif Mammadaliyev home museum - was founded in 1975 in the building where academic Yuisf Mammadaliyev was born. Here was collected and stored 1160 exponents dedicated to life and creative work of honorable scientist during various period of time. Here are being delivered lectures and informed on multilateral life and activity of illustrious academy.

Address: 7 Mammadaliyev. Ordubad town


Bakhruz Kangarli museum - was founded under the Decree of Chairman of Supreme Council of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic dated May 22 2001. The Museum opening occurred in 2002. The President of Azerbaijan Republic Heydar Aliyev has taken part at the said ceremony.

In the Museum at present 272 units of exhibits are staying under custodian. There are permanently being carried out measures devoted to the well-known painter and his creative work. Having occupying important part in the life of painter's creative work such works like "Refugees", chain work, "Mountain area", "Fallen sun", "Hard Rock", "Ashabu-Kahf mountain", "Aged man" and others, impressed attendees of museum by its soulful, realistic and psychological expressions. The works of B.Kangarli are being kept in Azerbaijan State Art Museum, Nakhchivan State History Museum, Moscow State History Museum and private collection.

Address: 15 Ataturk street, Nakhchivan city. Telephone: 45-71-11


Nakhchivan State Painting Gallery. Since 1982 it has been starting its activity. Here it is being guarded professional works belonged to Azerbaijan prominent painters and being exhibited. Such painters' works as dyeing, graphic, thematic table, portrait and other work in created genres place important part. The Gallery carried out a certain number of exhibitions in various cities of Azerbaijan and in Iran Islam Republic.

Sharur district history Regional Museum - in 1978 having been established by social requirements that museum started its activity as a state entity since February 1, 1982. The museum consists of 9 divisions where nearly 6000 exponents are staying under security. While carrying out investigating works in the territory of Region, a certain numbers of discovered samples are being stored in that museum.

Address: 26 Shakh Ismail street, Sharur city. Telephone: 2-21-69


Babek area history - regional museum - The Museum established in December 1981. Here are being collected, stored and exhibited 3676 exponents reflecting history of region, culture-social life, and social development. During investigating works period having been carried out in the territory of the region here one might find the discovered samples. In 2003 the Museum moved to a new building newly repaired.

Address: Babek village. Telephone 1-38-32

Sadarak region history - regional museum. In the museum there are being staying under protection 440 exponents depicting history of region, culture, economy and household. The Museum was established under the Resolution of Cabinet of Ministers of Azerbaijan Republic on July 26, 2000.

Address: Heydarabad village. Telephone 2-04-48

Julfa area history - Regional museum -The Museum was founder in accordance with the Resolution of Soviet Ministers dated February 13, 1981. Being consisted of 5 divisions in the museum there are being exhibited more than 2000 exponents. In the result of carried out archeological research works during certain period of times the material and cultural samples are being cared and stored in the museum.

Address: Julfa city, Khagani street 11. Telephone 6-18-13

Shabuz district history - Regional museum - This museum is being operated since 1982. It has 6 divisions. In the museum there are collected and stored more than 3500 exponents, as well as craftsmen works, carpet products art sewing works, applied and decorative art partners. In these latter days whilst archeological investigating works having been carried out the discovered samples had found their reflection in the museum.

Address: 26 N Narimanov st. Shakhbuz village. Telephone 3-02-98

Djalil Mammadkulizade named Literature museum affiliate. With a view of perpetuation of Djalil Mammedkulizade memory in 1987 the museum was established in the said school on the basis of social requirements. In pursuance with the Order of Azerbaijan Republic Culture Ministry number 128 dated April 10, 1991 it was renamed into Literature Museum Affiliate of Autonomous Republic of Nakhchivan and since the aforesaid term it has been proceeded its activity in the capacity of affiliate museum. At the present time, in the museum it is being stored 616 exponents and all of them had been inserted into the fund of the museum.

Address: Sharur area, Djalikend



LIBRARIES



Nakhchivan Republic Library is deemed the biggest library of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic and scientific methodic Center. It was created on the basis of Nakhchivan city library in 1930. In 1953 the library was given the name after prominent writer M.S. Ordubad. Here, it is available 260 thousands books and magazines. There are scientific - supervision seminars carried out being connected with cultural, moral and esthetic education of readers.

Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic Infant Library- was established in 1960. In the Fund 174948 printed units are available. In the library exists 2 reader rooms, various groups are being operated. More than 7280 readers do exist here. The library is keeping sustainable relationships with schools of Autonomous Republic, it renders to them a certain methodical assistance. In 1980 the Library was granted the name of Adil Babayev.






MUSIC




Since the ancient times in Nakhchivan region folk music was widely spread out. Peoples creative work - folk song and dances and ashig art plays very important role in music developing. Year by year the folk music being developed and become rich, nevertheless could unite a lot of admirers around himself. Art - amateur performed team, being existed in Nakhchivan for developing folk music, plaid not less part. Today, they run very effective role in propaganda of music. Having taken activity in Shakhbuz region, "Zurnachilar" trio, "Tulum players" collectives, "Hodu-hodu" folklore group, in Sharur area "Sharur yallisi" and consisting of aged men "Nurani" yalli collective, in Djulfa region "Djopudu", "Illuziya games", "Lolo" folklore collective, in Babek region "Zabul" and "Saz players" set, they take part closely in developing and agitation of folk music.

Azerbaijan Ashig music is the most ancient type among Azerbaijan performing art works. Apart from others whilst ashig performer plays in saz instrument he, at the same time dance and sing a song.

Sharur Yalli. This is a type of dances called Yalli, which was born in Sharur region.

Tanzara Yallisi - slow and tender melody makes the yalli structure as a Nomad and consists of 2 parts. It was established in Nakhchivan Sharur region.








THEATR, PHILHARMONIC AND CONSERVATORY



Nakhchivan State Music Dram Theater - the theater was founded in XX century under the initiative of Eynalibey Sultanov. From the part of members of "Muslim shiya art and dramaturgy society" members in August 12, 1886 he plays the part of M.F. Akhundov "Darvish Mastali shakh" comedy in the house of Haci Hasan Zeynalovun ("Zaviya mahallasi"). By that performance there were vested the ground of Nakhchivan theater and after there were set up comedies of M.Akhundov "chemist Molla Ibragimkhalil", "Vezir of Lenkoran Khan", "Haci Gara", "Xirs Guldurbasan". In XX century 20th years Nakhchivan Theater laid the base to a new stage, in 1922 it was founded state dram theater, in 1964 being worked it moved to new building and in 1965 the entity was given the name of C. Mammadkulizade.



Nakhchivan State Puppet Theater - it was established under the relevant Resolution dated September 14, 1989 by Azerbaijan Government. In the theater there were set such like "Sheep revenge" A.Abbasov, "Pygmy scull" S.Alaskarov, "Teaching lecture" and other works had been set for performance. The theater made a tour via in Baki in 1991, Turkey- 1994, Izmir-1995, Van region-1997, in 1994 - Urmiya area of Iran Islam Republic

On the basis of the Resolution the Chairman of Supreme Council of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic dated on March 11, 2004 the Puppet Theater was granted the name of M.T. Sadginin.




Nakhchivan Conservatory - it is high-educated school in the field of music. Nakhchivan State University was established on the basis of faculty of art (February 27,1998). It possesses by status of internal faculty division. The conservatory prepares high-educated specialists on pianoforte, folk played instruments, string instruments, musicians, on execution and Kapellmeister. During the process being closer to traditional Europe music education system, it is drawn particular attention in terms of classic music teaching for heritage. Nakhchivan Conservatory does have separate corps, music cabinet, and concert saloon. Graduates of Conservatory made their performances with concert programs in Azerbaijan and Turkey.
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Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan

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Nakhchivan is the most ancient part of Azerbaijan with its centuries' old history and rich material cultural monuments. The neolith period's local sedentary population lived there, and was occupied with different household and art.

About 80 000 years ago, in the Stone Age, the initial period of the humankind, the favorable geographical situation of Nakhchivan allowed the primitive people - our great-grandfathers - to settle in these territories.

In the Stone Age, the primitive human beings - our great-grandfathers - laid settlements in the charmingly beautiful and naturally wealthy river valleys, mountains slopes, Junnut foothills, Kilid, Dashgala, Armammad, Gazma and other carse caves in Nakhchivan.

The traces of the Stone Age culture in Nakhchivan were found out in Batabat pasture in Shahbuz region, on the environs of the old settlement of Ikinji Kultepe (Second Kultepe) in Nakhchivan River valley, in the environ rocky shelters of the sacred place of Armammad in Alinja River valley, and in the Gazma cave near Tananam village in Sharur.

The ancient Nakhchivan Kins' Union established wide economic and cultural relationships with Near Eastern countries. The lion typed paste beads and colored dishes patterns of Urmia, Mesopotamia, Egypt and other origins found in Gizilburun settlement and necropolis, Ikinci Kultepe (Second Kultepe) and other monuments are the main evidences.

As a result of maintaining the economic-cultural relationship, the population of the Nakhchivan district got closely acquainted with the early urban culture of the shumers. Nakhchivan had a specific role in foundation and development of early urban culture in Near East. Nakhchivan city, one of the cultural centers of the East, was founded at the first half of the second century on the basis of such strong local economic and cultural grounds. The first written information about Nakhchivan was given in Greek geographer Claudius Ptolomey's scientific work "Geography." Informing that Nakhchivan existed as a city before Christ, he wrote: "Naksuana is the center of large Vaspuragan. Naksuana is a part of the country comprising of 37 different parts." The researches prove that Nakhchivan was included into the above-mentioned province only during the Arabic invasion, and the city had nothing to do with Vaspuragan.



Etymology of the word "Nakhchivan"

The word "Nakhchivan" was differently presented in early sources. "Naksuana" in Greek, "Nakhch" in pehlevi, "Nashawa" or "Nakhchuan" in Arabic. In some Turkish sources Nakhchivan was presented as "Nagshijahan." The city name was presented as "Nakhch" in the pehlevi language on the coins minted in the name of Sasany emperor on VI century. In the Persian sources the city name was given as "Nakhjir." Yagut Hemevi named the city "Nashawa", Muhammed ibn Hindushah Nakhchivani and Hamdullah Gazvini named it "Naqshi-Jahan." Some state that he word "Nakhchivan" is of Turkish origin meaning the motherland of Akhchivan-Nakhchivan Oghuz braves. The recent research explains the origin of the word "Nakhchivan" in connection with the word "Nahhunte" in the elam language. And some researchers associate the name "Nakhchivan" with Nuh legend.

The recent researches proved that the word "Nakhchivan" is an ethnotoponym relating the name of the ancient local kin (nakh, nakhch). While (V century) dealing with the tribes who lived in the Caucasus, Moisey Khorenly mentioned the Nakhjamajen (nakhje) tribe as well. "Van" meant location, house and settlement. According to Z.Yampolskiy, the word "van" is in the Midian language, and means settlement places of the ancient Azerbaijani tribes. That's the word "Nakhchivan" means the settlement of "nakhch" ("nakhche") tribes.






Nakhchivan in the Seljugs period.

In the first half of the VII century, Nakhchivan was exposed to the Byzantine emperor Irakli's attack. In 654 the Arabic ameer Habib Ibn Maslama occupied Nakhchivan. The city was included into the third emirate of the caliphate because of its administrative features. In this period, some revolutions took place against the feudal violence and the enslavement by the foreigners.

In early IX century, the Khurremiler movement started against the Arabs. And Nakhchivan was one of the supporting points and military camps of the Kurramiler. In IX-X centuries, Nakhchivan entered the Sajiler and Salariler governments.

In the middle XI c, the Seljug sultans (emperors) governed in Nakhchivan. In 1064, during the reign of the Seljug sultan Toghrul's heir Alp Arslan, other states in the Azerbaijani territory were made safe, and therefore he was given the name Abulfath. Alp Arslan left Nakhchivan leaving his son Malikshah and vizier Nizam ul-Mulku in his place. In 1092, after Malikshah's death, the Seljug Empire was divided into several independent states. Despite the fact, Nakhchivan city depended on the Seljug sultanate for some time.







ATABEYLER AND ELKHANILER AUTHORITIES.

In 1136, Atabeyler, actually Eldenizler period took start with the governance of Shemseddin Eldeniz, an heir of Seljug states in Ganja. In the middle XII c, Nakhchivan entered the territory of Eldenizler state. At that time Nakhchivan became the leading trade and art center of Atabeyler state. From late 1300s to 1175 Nakhchivan was the capital of the country. Nakhchivan was the city of economic and military importance. Nakhchivan, the first and leading residence of Eldenizler state, was sufficiently developed at that time. The worthy monuments - castles, palaces, mosques, tombs and so on were built in Nakhchivan. During the reign of Muhammed Jahan Pahlavan, his wife Zahide was the head of the government. The state treasure was kept in Alinja castle. The French traveler Wilhelm De Rubric, who visited Nakhchivan, stated that Nakhchivan was the capital of a huge country before the Mongolian invasion, and was big and beautiful city.

In 1221, the troops of Chingiz khan attacked the city and most part of the city was destroyed. In 1225, after the Mongolian invasion Nakhchivan became the dominion of Jalaleddin Mangiburi son of the Kharezmshah Muhammed. But the city exposed to more danger during the Mongolian invasion. During the reign of Hulaku khan, the Turkmen who came Nakhchivan merged with the Turks who lived there from the old times.

In the second half of XIV, after Elkhaniler's invasion, Chobaniler, Jujiler, Jelariler and Muzefferiler invaded Nakhchivan. In 1386, Teymurlang brought its troops to Nakhchivan. This invasion imposed great damages to economy and culture of Nakhchivan. In XY century, during the reign of Garaqoyunlular, Nakhchivan became more developed.






Nakhchivan in Sefevi period

In XII century the spontaneous sufi-derwish sect was founded in the territories occupied by Mongols. Late this century one of such kind of orders was in Ardabil city of Azerbaijan. The name of the order and sheikh dynasty is connected with the name of saint Sheikh Sefieddin Ardabili (1252-1334). The importance of Ardabil feudal governance increased. The Sefeviler controlled all laic and religious issues. The Sefevi sect was of completely politicl sence during the reign of Sheikh Juneyd (1447-1460). In 1501 the Sefevi got more political power after Sheikh Ismayil defeated the Aghgoyunlu troops in Nakhchivan. After the gizilbashlar get victory over Aghgoyunlular, Nakhchivan entered the governance of Sefevi. The main reason for Sefevi sheikh Shah Ismayil' s getting more powerful is his rely on Turkish kin of Gizilbash. Unfortunately, there are plenty of events reflecting the conflicts between two Turkish states: Sefevi and Osmanli in our history. As an example we can cite the Chaldiran Struggle (1514). The situation went on until the foundation of Afshar dynasty.





AFSHAR AND GAJAR PERIOD

As obvious from its name, Nadir shah Afshar belongs to Kirlu branch of Afshar Turks. Having enthroned Tahmasib II in 1729, Nadir shah then got him away, and established the Afshar dynasty. In 1736, putting an end to Sefevi dynasty representatives' formal administration method, declared himself as a shah (governor) of Iran. Nadir abolished all the former administrative divisions - beylik (noblity). Chuxursad beylik was also taken away and included into a unit administrative division under the name Azerbaijan. During the reigns of Ahmed III and Mahmud I the consolidation of Azerbaijan territories with Osmanli territories was the leading policy of the government, however Russia's claim on these territories and Nadir shah's successful activity prevented the Osmanli government to realize it. Then Gajars - another branch of Turkmen took the governance in Azerbaijan (1779).



NAKHCHIVAN KHANATE

After assassination of Nadir Afshar in 1747, about 20 independent feudal states - khanates emerged in Azerbaijan.

The Azerbaijani khanates were divided into two - northern and southern groups:

In north: Shaki, Guba, Ganja, Darband, Nakhchivan, Talish, Shirvan, Irevan, Salyan, Garabagh and Javad khanates

In south: Tabriz, Urmia, Ardabil, Khoy, Serab, Maku and Maraga.

In the middle XVIII century, Heydargulu khan, the head of the Kangarli kin, declared himself the khan of Nakhchivan. The khanate covered the territory from Zangazur Mountains to valleys of the Araks River. Nakhchivan khanate comprised of Nakhchivan, Sharur, Ordubad, Mehri, Gafan and other provinces. In 1787, Kalbali khan became the khan of Nakhchivan. During the khanate period, Nakhchivan revived a little bit more.

During the first Russia-Iran war (1805-1813), Nakhchivan khanate was under the dominion of Iran, according to Gulustan treaties.

In 1827, during the second Russia-Iran war (1826-1828), Russian troops occupied Nakhchivan. Nakhchivan khanate's joining Russia by force ended with Turkmenchay treaties between Russia and Iran in 1828. In 1841, Nakhchivan became the gaza (another type of administration) center. Its territory joined Georgia-Imeretiya province in 1841, and then Irevan province that was under governance of Azerbaijanis in 1850.

The settlement of Armenians in Nakhchivan took start after the Russian governance in the territory, as it was in other parts of Azerbaijan as well. According the policy pursued by Tsar Russia, in 1828, the Armenians transferred from South Azerbaijan, Tabriz and environs, and in 1829-1830 forms Arzurum and environs and settled in Nakhchivan and Irevan districts of Azerbaijan. Since 1905, the Armenians had exposed the Azerbaijani people to massacre in Nakhchivan, as they did in many other parts of Azerbaijan. Since 1917, the Armenians laid claims to Nakhchivan territories.



NAKHCHIVAN DURING

THE AZERBAIJAN PEOPLE (DEMOCRATIC) REPUBLIC (1918-1920)

After the February bourgeois revolution in 1917, the Baku Caucasian Muslims Congress was held on April 15, and after the hard discussions, the decision on foundation of local Federation was made. On May 28, 1918 the Azerbaijani People Republic was declared and Turkey immediately recognized the government.

In summer, 1917, the local authorities of the provisional government were established in Nakhchivan province. In early 1918, the armed forces of the Armenian dashnags committed massacres in Nakhchivan. While Baku was under control of dashnags and esers, Nakhchivan National Committee may ask for real help only from Turkey. The Turkish troops under the leadership of Khalil bey came to Nakhchivan's help. In November 1918, the Araks-Turkish Republic was established. The territory of the republic was 16 000 km2, with a million population, and Nakhchivan was the capital of the republic. Its territory included Nakhchivan, Sharur-Daralayaz, Ordubad gazas, and also Sardarabad (Irevan), Ulukhanli, Vedibasar, Gaamarli, Mehri and other regions. After the defeat of Turkey in the First World War, according to Mudros treaties, the Turkish troops had to leave Azerbaijan, as well as Nakhchivan. Because of the instable situation in Turkey, the Russians' attempts to invade Baku, the oil and industrial center of the country, and the European states' inability to see the Russian menace, the Russians occupied Azerbaijan on April 28, 1920.



NAKHCHIVAN ISSUE IN

INTERNATIONAL MOSCOW AND GARS TREATIESS

The territory of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic was defined within the territory of Azerbaijan Republic according to Moscow treaties of March 16, 1921 and Gars treaties of October 13, 1921. According to Article 3 of the Treaty on friendship and fraternity between Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and Turkey signed in Moscow, Nakhchivan is an autonomous part under the patronage of Azerbaijan and within the borders indicated in the Appendix 1 of the treaty, providing not to give it to the third part.

Source: "Treaty on friendship and fraternity between Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and Turkey."

MARCH 16, 1921, MOSCOW

Article 3

The agreed parts affirm the autonomy of Nakhchivan province under the patronage of Azerbaijan, within the borders indicated in Appendix 1 (B) of the existing treaty, providing that Azerbaijan will never compromise its patronage right to a third state.

Appendix 1 (B)

Ararat station - Saraybulag Mountain (8017 - Gomrulu Mountain (8839) - (8930) - (3080) - Sayat Mountain (7868) - Gurd gulag (Kurt kulak) village - Hamasur Mountain (8160) - 8022 in height - Kuku Mountain (10282) and eastern administrative borders of former Nakhchivan gaza.

According to Article 5 of the Treaty signed with the participation of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic on October 13, 1921, Gars city, between Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia as the first part and Turkish Republic as the second part, Turkey, Armenia and Azerbaijan governments made agreements on establishment of Nakhchivan Autonomous territory under the patronage of Azerbaijan and within the borders indicated in Article 3 of the treaty.

Source: "Treaty signed with the participation of Russia, on friendship between Armenia Soviet Socialist Republic, Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic and Georgia Soviet Socialist Republic as the first part and Turkish Supreme National Assembly government as the second part."

October 13, 1921, Gars

Article 5

Turkish government, Armenia and Azerbaijan Soviet governments made agreements on establishment of Nakhchivan Autonomous territory under the patronage of Azerbaijan, within the borders indicated in Article 3 of the treaty.

Appendix 3. Nakhchivan territory

Urmia village, from there as a straight line to Arazdeyen station (is in Armenia Soviet Socialist Republic), then straightly to Western Dashburun Mountain (3142) - then Eastern Dashburun Mountain (4108) - southern area of the spring ("Rovne") through Jehennem valley River, Baghirsag (Yaghirsag0 Mountain (6607), or along the watershed at the height of 6587 to administrative borders of Irevan gaza, then to Sharur-Daralayaz borders, Gomurlu Mountain (6839, or 6930) at the height of 6629, and then to 3080 height. Sayat Mountain (7868) - Gurd gukag (Kurt kulak) village - hamasur Mountain (8160) - at the height of 8022 - Kuku Mountain (10282) and former eastern administrative borders of Nakhchivan gaza.

While the territory of Nakhchivan was 6988 km2 when Gars Treaty was signed, it decreased to 5365 km2 (the figures are cited from N.A.Sokolski's book of "Materials on studying Nakhchivan SSR", page 7, published in Tbilisi, 1933) as a result of illegal transfer of the areas of the autonomous republic to Armenia under the patronage of Moscow.

Afterwards, the International treaties were roughly and unilaterally violated, so as the borders of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was restudied, and in 1929, according to decision of the Presidium of the Pre-Caucasian Central Executive Committee, the territories within Nakhchivan province, as well as Gerchivan, Gurg gulag, Horadiz, Aghbin, Aghkhach, Danan Almali, Almali, Itgiran, Sultanbey and part of Kilit village were given to Armenia SSR. The total area was 657 km2. The maps drawn in 1962, 1965 and 1967 were falsified, here the border line through the red brick building from Urmia to Arazdeyen was gradually set close to Sadarak village of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, thus more than 400 ha areas were illegally joined the Armenian territory. On January 19, 1990, Karki village of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic was occupied by Armenian-Russian troops.

While Moscow and Gars treaties are in force, the illegal annexion of territories of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic to Armenia opposites the standards of International law, Vienna Convention of 1969 on Law of International treaties, Declaration of 1970 on International Law principles, and Helsinki Final Act of 1975.


NAKHCHIVAN DURING SOVIET UNION

After the governance of Bolsheviks in Azerbaijan, the nakhchivan Soviet Socialist republic was declared on July 28. The Supreme body - Nakhchivan Revolutionary Committee was chosen. According to Moscow and Gars Treaties signed in Moscow, nakhchivan is given to the patronage of Azerbaijan providing that Azerbaijan will never compromise its patronage right to a third state. The Moscow and Gars Treaties played an important role in protection of Nakhchivan territories. During the Soviet Union, some areas of Nakhchivan were given to Armenia, and the economic, political and cultural relations were prevented between Turkish Republic.

Azerbaijan and its integral part Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic had long struggled to be independent. In late 1980, the collapse of USSR caused the instigation of Garabagh issues and conflict between Azerbaijanis and Armenians. To suppress the independence movement, the Soviet troops entered Baku on January 19, 1990 and committed a massacre. Eight hours earlier the Russian-Armenian amalgamation occupied Karki village of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, and started intensive attacks along the borders. The hundreds of Azerbaijanis became victims of the events. As the Nakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic couldn't get guarantee for protection of its borders, the Supreme Soviet made decision to get out of USSR basing on Moscow and Gars Treaties. This political act was actually the first step towards collapse of USSR.






POLITICAL ISSUES AFTER 1990

The events around Upper Garabagh somehow affected Nakhchivan as well. In this period the situation in Nakhchivan was much harder. It was under the threat of Armenian occupation. N July 22, 1990, Heydar Aliyev's return to Nakhchivan because of persecution in Moscow saved the region. Once back to active policy, Heydar Aliyev was elected the deputy to Azerbaijan and Nakhchivan parliaments, and in September 1991 he became the Chairman of Supreme Assembly of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. Firstly in the history of Nakhchivan parliament the important steps put towards restoration of national state tradition. The tricolor flag was adopted. The flag and other independence attributes issues were raised in Azerbaijan Supreme Soviet basing on legislation initiative regulations. The focus was made on developing the relations with Iran and Turkey to support the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic to live out from the blockade of Armenia. In 1992, the protocols relating Azerbaijan signed between Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic and Turkey and Iran, and bridges were laid o the Araks River.

The definite measures were taken for safety of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. For the first time fire cease was dealt with Armenia. It was an important step towards National Army setting and Nakhchivan's reliable protection.

In 1993, after Heydar Aliyev was elected the president of Azerbaijan Republic, the political stability in Azerbaijan had a positive impact on Nakhchivan as well, and caused ground for stability and revival.





AUTONOMY STATUS OF NAKHCHIVAN

Mustafa Kamal Ataturk, Nariman Narimanov, Behbud Shahtakhtinskiy and others played an important role in getting the Autonomy status of Nakhchivan. 1917-1920 period was more difficult period for Nakhchivan, and this ancient Azerbaijani territory was under threat of being occupied by Armenia. Getting the patronage from the winner states (USA, England) of the First World War, the dashnag government of Armenia used armed invasion to join the region with "Great Armenia", and even used the bands of Andronik, Dron and Njden for these purposes. But the local population bravely resisted the violence, and considered the union of Azerbaijan as the solution of the problem. As a result of insidious intentions of Armenians, the International community was mostly involved in the region, as the social-political events got the tragic level in Nakhchivan. As the dashnag government considered Azerbaijan People Republic is unable to solve the problem peacefully, they spread rumors on amalgamation these territories into the Armenian territory.

The Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic was given autonomy within Azerbaijan Republic according to Constitution of Azerbaijan Republic adopted through general election - referendum on November 12, 1995. The state leader of Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev said: "The autonomy of Nakhchivan is the historical achievement, we should protect it. The autonomy of Nakhchivan is a great factor to return back all its lost territories. We must conserve this factor."
]]> http://www.travelpod.com/travel-blog-entries/natigltd/nakhchivan/1139290440/tpod.html http://www.travelpod.com/travel-blog-entries/natigltd/nakhchivan/1139290440/tpod.html#comments Travel Blogs http://www.travelpod.com/travel-blog-entries/natigltd/nakhchivan/1139290440/tpod.html Tue, 07 Feb 2006 00:36:24 -0500 Nakhchivan is a cradle of civilization and Prophet Noah's Land. Here you will find monuments from 5th, 9th and etc centuries, unbelievable nature and also more and more. www.natigtravel.eu.tp

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Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan

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Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic is allocated on southwest of Small Caucuses. In the region of geomorphology regioning of the territory of Azerbaijan Republic, the territory of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic is related to semi-regions of adjacent Mountains and Nakhchivan conclave (Memdium Araks) of the geomorphologic region of the territory of Small Caucasus. In the territory of Autonomous Republic the semi-region adjacent mountains of Daralayaz and Zangezur edges and semi-region of Nakhchivan cavity basically surrounded by Arazboy plains. The medium height distance over sea level equals 1450 m. The one third part of the territory includes more than 1000m height highlands areas. And the one third of the territory are covered by sloped Arazboy plains (Sadarak, Sharur, Boyukduz, Nakhchivan, Djulfa, YaychiKangarli, Dasta, Ordubad and etc) being separated from each other by rock hands and pickets. The total area of the plains equals to 10 thousands hectares.

RELIEF
Most part of the territory of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic is covered by Zangazur and Daralayaz mountain ridges of small Caucasus and its hands leading to Araks valley, which forms middle and lower mountains in modern relief. Zangezur ridges are the top highest mountain ridges in small Caucasus. The highest top is Gapijic mountain (3906m) and at the same time within Small Caucasus of Azerbaijan Republic it is considered the top highest peak and constant snow is laid from 41m-height level. High tops: Yaglidara mountain -3827m, Gazangoldag - 3814m, Saridara mountain - 3754 m, Davaboyu montain -3560 m and etc. Absolute height of mounting passing is among - 2346m (Bicanak crossing), 3362 m (Aycongal crossing). Amazing relief possesses the end of northwest of the territory of Autonomous Republic. Here mountain peaks height no more than 2000-2100 m (Komurlu-2064m, Ardic -2034m, Mehridag -1869m, Gabagyal -1824m); basically consists of lower and medium mountains. In the Republic within the territory of middle and Lower Mountain zones there are founded out and developed upraises in the modern relief such as (Agdaya, Daridag, Garaguzey) and conclaves (Paradag, Nurs, Tikes).

GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE AND MINERALS

The territory of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic has been attracted by attention of geologists and travelers still since middle 18 century. In the field of minerals reas (Duzdag, Daridag, Shakardara, Gomur, Guyuludag, Giszilgaya and etc.). Being discovered caves, wells, primitive instruments of labor findings, still from the ancient times it shows that within the territory of Nakhchivan Republic there are deposits of salt, arsenic, copper, gold, sulfur and others: in the Middle Ages in Azerbaijan territory there were founded scientific - descriptive mineralogy tractates -"Djavahirname". In the territory the first geological research works and mineral wealthy studying have been commenced since the 2nd half of 18th century. Foundation exploring works carried out in the territory of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic have been started since when Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic was established.

Taking into account geological factor the territory of Autonomous Republic is allocated at Small Caucasus Nakchevan plicate tectonic zones. Geological structure total thickness is formed from 14 kilometers coverings of vugs, land surface beds. Their extractions being lifted on the land surface found possibilities on carrying out refurbishment works on geological history accounting 400 million year in the territory of Nakhhcivan. The discovered produced rocks, being widely spread out, constructional stones and glass products in such beds with hollow structures play important role in development of local industry.

Nakhchivan ore deposits are as follows:

1. Pyazbashi golden bed.

That deposit is allocated in the territory of Ordubad region. It is placed in 4 km towards north-west and 1800-2700 meters in height. The main ore minerals are pyrite, halcopryte, bornyte, malachite and pure gold. In the ore the gold quantity percentage constitutes from 1,0-1,9 g/t, copper 0,1-1,8%.

The field can be put into operation

2. Blue Mountain copper - porphyry deposit

This deposit is placed in Djulfa region. It is in 2 km from south-west head village, in 2050-2000 height over sea level. Distribution of copper and molybdenum compositions is fully equaled and composes of copper - 1-2,7%, molybdenum - 0,01-0,08%. Main copper minerals are composed of pyrites, halcopryte, faleryte, galenyte, molybdenum and copper minerals.

The field can be put into operation.

3. Diyakhchay copper- porphyry deposit (field, bed)

That bed is from Ordubad region. In 1,5 km distance from north-east direction of Nus-Nus village. It is placed in 2000m heights over sea level. There are two technological ore types; basically there are known copper and molybdenum.

In Shtokverk type ore (it is observed at 1500 m in the thickness of 70-100m), copper amount -0,006-2,25%, molybdenum - 0,01-0,31% and thickness -2m-20m, being laid in 55mcopper-molybdenum ores deposits, 0,01-0,27%, copper 0,01-0,85% was found in south and south-west direction.

The bed can be put into operation

4. Copper Mountain - porphyry field

That field is allocated in Ordubad region. It is placed in Aychangilchay river upper flow side at 3000-3500 m height over sea level.

Copper porphyry ore bed is deemed as a muscular type deposit. In the ore deposit there are exist copper -0,002-2%, molybdenum- 0,001-0,02%.

Main ore minerals elements are pyrite, khalkopyrite, azurite, koveline kupryte, malachite and in less quantity - molybdenum

The field can be put into operation.

5. Agyurd (White homeland) golden field.

This deposit is placed in Ordubad area. It is placed in 2300-2750m heights over sea level.

Main ore minerals elements like pyrite, khalkopyrite, molybdonyte are composed of copper minerals and petty dispersed gold.

In the ore deposit the quantity of gold is ranged - 0,4 -11,6 g/t, copper-0,04 - 1,4%, molybdenum 0,03 - 0,09%.

The field can be put into operation

6. Green copper-porfir deposit

That field is allocated in Ordubad region. It is placed in 2,4 km from Pazmali village in northwest direction and allocated in Shiladzochay left slope side and at 2200-2500m height over sea level.

Having thickness in 300m it can be watched in distance of 500m and in ore beds, copper quantity is ranged 0,1-1,4%, molybdenum 0,01-0,8%.

Main ore minerals pyrite, khalkopiryte, molybdenite, khalkozin, bornit minerals.

The field can be put into operation.

7. Blue high copper porphyry deposit

That bed is allocated in Ordubad region. It is placed in 2 km of northwest direction from Pazmari village in upper field of Vanadchay River at 2150-2600m heights over sea level.

Having thickness of the bed ranged in 5,6 -15m and total width in 400-500m, it is can be looked at the distance amounted to 5500-1500m. Here the copper amount is ranged in 0,44-1,33%, molybdenum - in 0,001-0,5%.

The main ore minerals are pyrite, khalkopiryte, molibdenit, kovelin, bornyte, kupryte and malachite.

The deposit can be put into operation.

8. Nasirvaz poly-metal deposit

That field is allocated in Ordubad region. It is placed in Nasirvaz village at 1800-2300m heights in vicinity of Nasirvaz village.

Ore deposits processing with thickness in 60-120m can be looked in 2,2km distance and it forms zink-1,2%, plumbum-1,16%, copper-0,4%.

Main ore minerals are pyrite, galenite, sfarenite, khalkopryte, bornyte, kupryte and copper minerals.

The field can be put into operation

9. Agdara poly-metal deposit

This deposit is belonged to Ordubad region. It is allocated in 25 km from Aza railroad station in north direction at 2100-2550km heights over sea level.

It is considered as a ore polymetal processing layer, lens, vein type. In industry - in type of significant form layer. In the ore deposit there are exists lead-6,6%, zink-8,9%, copper-1,0.

The field was given for operation in 1952.

10. Shakardara gold deposit

This field is allocated in Ordubad region. It is placed in 30 km in northwest direction at 1500-2000m heights over sea level.

The field is allocated in northwest direction and being possessed by thickness in 1,0-8,0m it can be watched at 1500m distances. The gold quantity rate in ore bed composes 1,4 g/t, copper-1,9%.

Main ore minerals, like pyrite, khalkopryte, saflerite, copper mineral formations are composed of pure gold.

The field can be put into operation.

11. Goy-gol copper - profyre deposits

This deposit is allocated in Ordubad region. It is placed in 3 km from Nurgut village in northwest direction at 2800-3554 over sea level.

Like a stem whilst the zone thickness is 60-140m it can be watched from 900m till 1700m and forms copper rate -0,47-1,6%, molybdenum - 0,01-0,05%.

Main ore mineral like pyrite, khalkoprite, bornyte, kovelmin are copper and molybdenum mineral.formations.

The field can be put into operation.

12. Paragachay molybdenum field

This field is allocated in Ordubad region in vicinity of Paraga village and stays at 2300-2800m height over sea level.

In the field as an operation site it is known 4 kvarts molybdenum veins.

Main ore minerals are pyrite, khalkopyrite and molybdenum elements. The field was given for operation in 1952. Nowadays it is being partially operated.

13. Silver polymetal field

This field is allocated in Sharur region and placed in Arpachay river lower flow. It has been known since VII century.

The field was given for operation in 1954

14. Daridag silver content field

This field is allocated in Djulfa region in 8-9 km northwest direction.

The ore mass composes of realgar, auripigment, melnikovit, antimonit and pittisit minerals

The field is ready for putting into operation.

Main free ore deposits (beds) of Nakhchivan AR are as follows:

1. Buzgov travertine field

This field is allocated in the territory of Babek region in 40 km from Nakhchivan city northwest direction and in 2km from Ashagi Buzgov village north. The area of the field became 0,6 km2, the useful bed layer thickness - 5,7-59m. It forms block output - 42,8%. The field has been maintaining since 1983.

2. Shahtakhti travertine field

This field is allocated in Sharur region territory in 3 km from Shahtakhti village in northwest direction.

The deposit field consists of three areas: 1 site is allocated in north-west part of Sakhtakhti village, the 2 area - from the 1 site - in o,7 km in north-west, the III site - in 1 km north-west direction.

The area of the field was 0,8km, useful bed thickness is 6,5-22,7m. It forms block exit 30-45%.

The field is being maintained since 1968

3. Khalach marbled limestone

This field is placed in Sharur region in 10 km from Sharur city southwest direction.

The field zone makes up 0,016 sq. km. Useful bed thickness-40-70m, maximal safety thickness rate -24m. Limestone capacity mass -2,33-2,70t/m3, CaCO3 - voice value-98%.

The field was operated till 1990.

4. Garabag travertine beds

This field is allocated in Sharur region in 1 km from Garabag village northwest direction.

The field area is 1 sq.m. Useful deposit thickness -15-40m. The field block exit was 58%. From 1 m3 block 17,2 sq km facing plates can be derived.

The field has been putting into operation since 1984.

5. Oglangala (Boy Mountain) marbling limestone field

This field is placed in Sharur region in 8 km from Sharur railroad station northwest direction.

Before it was petty and middle pips bed layer and in different directions it was crossed with calcite vein element. It forms con element - 51,8%

The field is ready for operation

6. Nehrem (Churn) dolomite field

This field is allocated in Babek region in 10 km from Nehrem (churn) village south area. It places at Darasham railroad station in 2km-north direction. The field area - 5 sq. m. The thickness of dolomite is exceeded 1000m. This material is intended for purposes of manufacturing refractory raw materials, highest rigid break-stones, dehydrated soda, and glass.

The field is ready for putting into operation

7. Nakhchivan Dash Duz (Stone-Salt) field

This field is allocated in Babek territory in 12 km from Nakhchivan city northwest direction.

In the field there were revealed 5 stone salt layers. Out of them only 2 surfaced layers are utilized in industry.

The first layer is allocated in 105-178m down the ground and salt middle thickness makes 6m. The 2nd stratum is separated from the 1st layer by 6-9 thicknesses of clay strata and middle thickness of salt - 8.6m. It forms Nacl value -92-98,5%.

The field has been utilized since XIX century.

8. Nehrem Dash Duz (stone salt) field.

This field is allocated in Babek region in 12 km from Nakhevan city southwest direction.

In the field salt stratum thickness ranged within 43 - 92m.

NaCl rate in salt composition makes 78-92%. The field was studied for dehydrated soda.

The field is prepared for putting into operation.

9. Gomur sulfur field

This field is placed in Shakhbuz region. It is allocated in territory of Gomur village.

The field was known since 60 years of XIX century. The field was put into operation for calculating sulfur reserve deposits.

10. Paragachay Andaluzite field

This field is allocated in Ordubad region. It is placed in 9km from Paragachay molybdenum pit in north direction.

In rock deposits it forms quantity of andaluzite-10-30%, sometimes -65-75%. The field had been explored till 10m depths. The deeper done works the more revealed andaluzite deposits. According to the first calculating the quantity of andaluzite reaches 0,5 millions tons.

The field can be maintained.

Having summarizing the aforesaid, we may say that throughout the all the territory Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic is wealthy by gravel, clay, sand and gyps, stratum fields.

MINERAL WATERS

Due to multi coloring range mineral water springs of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic are staying under the worthiest attention throughout the world. On 5,5 thousands sq km territory of Autonomous Republic there were discovered more than 250 mineral water springs. The majority of those sources are in Shargi Arpachay, Nakchevanchay, Alincachay, Gilanchay, Ordubadchay, Garadara and Aylishchay valleys and vicinities. According to their chemical properties, being a certain numbers of types they are being utilized in farming, potable water supply, therapy purposes, and in industry. In the territory the most ancient water carrying rock age is 400 mln. is ranged for 500-700 thousand year.

In Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic there are exist 6 types, 16 kinds and 33 different sorts of mineral waters. This water contained 98% carbon gases and it is related to hydrocarbon water kind. Mineral water temperature rate mostly ranged in 8C-22C. There are 35% Azerbaijan carbon gases water discovered in the territory of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic.

Among the essential mineral waters, as well as for table water needs it is allowed showing such springs like Badamli, Sirab, vayxir, Daridag, Nahacir, Gahab, Ordubad "Narzan". On the basis of springs there are being operated Badamli and Daridag balneological clinics. Mineral water manufacturing by industrial method has been started since 1947. Nowadays the Autonomous Republic possesses by two mineral water plants. They are allocated closer to Badamli and Sirab mineral water plants.

"Badamli"

This mineral water spring is allocated in almond forest and covered grapevine splendid valley at 1400m heights over sea level. It is placed in 30km from Nakhchivan city in similar named purlieus village (Nakhchivan AR Shakhbuz region). This place was known due to daily debit 2,5mln-litter carbonate water-narzan spring's basis. Inside composition of the water there is available iodine, bromine, copper, borate acidity. Being based on applied springs in Caucuses there is being operated the biggest mineral water filling plant. Badamli -5 water is known as wonderful table drink water, which makes appetite increasable, improves digestive processes and makes dehydration process calm. Apart from this resort purposing water the latter presents unchangeable remedy for treatment of patients with digestive problems.

"Sirab"

Sirab- Borjomi sort water is the famous curing purposes table water. The total mineralizing rate of water is 2,0-2,7g/t including carbonate-hydro-carbonate - natrium-calcium elements. In "Sirab" mineral water there were revealed such elements as iron, bromine and silisium acidities, lithium, strontium elements. On the basis of operated springs it is being functioned "Sirab-12" water filling plant with palatable delicious taste. This water is utilized for digestive and urine secreted ways kind of diseases and, as well as it is used while metabolic process place. The water source is related to the well-known "Gashgala" memorial complex of Bronze Age period and placed near Sirab village.

"Vayxir"

Vayxir was the richest field of Yesentuki sort carbonate, salt - alkali water. It is placed in 17km from Nakhchivan city north direction at 1400m heights over sea level. The daily debit of excavated wells composes more than 2 mln liters. The water composition comprises carbonate, chlor hydro carbonate -natrium elements with total mineralizing rate - 6,5g/l. The water is applied for curing such diseases like digestive diseases, chronicle gastritis, diseases connected with metabolism processes (diabetes melitus, gastritis, diathesis, okslanturia).

"Daridag"

Carbonate mineral silvering water Daridag is the spring, which rarely met in the nature. It is placed in 8 km from Djulfa city north direction. The quantity of discovered reserves is 500 cub meters. It possesses by high mineralizing value (temperature -52S) -21g/l and contains carbonate CO2-1,5 g/l chloride - hydro-carbonate - sodium substances. At the same time in the composition of the water there were revealed a good deal of amounts of boron, iodine, bromine, strontium and lithium elements. The water is preferable to use for the patients suffering by gastric - bowel diseases. The water possessed by unappreciable quality in terms of applying thereof for baths taking purposes intended for peripheral nervous system diseases.

"Nakhajir"

Nakhadgir is considered important treatment health-resort place and it is allocated in north area of Nakhchivan city. Nakhadgir is placed on patches of the mountain. Being based on health-resort stock reserves there are being utilized water springs containing carbonate (1,3g/l free carbonate), iron-hydro carbonate sodium elements with mineralizing rate equaled to 6 g/l. The water shows unbelievable effects whilst taking it for anaemic diseases treatment.

"Batabat"

Batabat is spread over patches of Small Caucasus in 62 km from Nakhchivan city northwest direction. It is placed at 1700 height over sea level and considered important climatic health-resort zone.

It has subtropical climate, snowing, moderate winter, dry and not much hot summer. Being taking into account climatic purposes this is a water in composition of which are available carbonate (essential remedy for aeroheliotherepy treatment), hydro-carbonate, calcium-natrium-magnesium elements with mineralizing rate - 0.5g/l. This water is intended for gastric patients' treatment purposes. Mild climate, sweet water lake, picturesque and impressive alpine meadows allows for this herbs to be top effective remedy.

"Gomur"

Gomur is the highest mountain top climatic station. It is placed in 75 km from Nakhchivan city at 1700m heights over sea level. Here, there were discovered mineral water fields being enormously enriched with salt-alkali elements. The climate of the place is moderate cold, winter is mild, and summer is cool.

Gomur recreational zone is very useful for such diseases treatment like nervous system functional illnesses, fatigue, and gastric and respiratory routes diseases.

"Sharur"

Sharur springs are placed on Sadarak village northwest direction at the upper part of road. Here to exist all grounds for carrying out erection of Clinical Complex being based on springs of strong local curing water (daily debit capacity more than 1 mln liter), containing such elements like carbonate, hydro-carbonate - chlorine -natrium and rare micro-component complexes.

Nakhchivan region is possessed by luxuriant mineral waters being capable to be competed at world market.

CLIMATE

There are 5 types of climates to exist in Nakhchivan Republic:

1. Dried summer climate of moderate hot semi desert and dry steppe covers Arax plains and partially lowered mountain areas (600-110m). Here, the medium temperature rate 10-14C, middle annual downfalls till 300mm, possible steaming rate -1200-1400 mm.

1. Semi desert climate and dried steppe with dried winter covers upper of lower mountain zone and lower of medium mountains zones (1100-1600m). Medium annum temperature rate 8-10C, middle annual downfalls- 300-350mm, possible vaporing -800-1100mm.

2. Dried summer climate of cold semi desert and dried stepped climate covers medium part of lower mountain zone and high mountain lower part of zone (1600-2600m). Middle annual temperature rate is 6-10C, middle annual downfalls - 400-800mm.

3. Dried summer and cold climate are spread out at 2600-3200m heights only in northwest slopes of Zangezur ridges, in center stripe of high mountain zones. Medium annual temperature 1-3C.

4. Mountain tundra climate surrounds high mountaintops of the territory (more than 3200m). Medium annual temperature - 3-8C.

In the territory obligatory minimum temperature - 31C (Darvish), compulsory maximum temperature -+44C (Djulfa); at the same time this is the most higher and lower temperature within the territory of Azerbaijan Republic. Wind middle speed rate 2/4 m a sec. Annual downfalls in Arax plains makes up 200-300mm, in highest mountain areas - 500-800mm.

INNER WATERS

Having been proceeded from hydrographic peculiarity Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic is related to Araz river basin. In center and in southwest part of the territory rivers influents take from Zangezur and Daralyaz mountain ridges. In Zangezur ridges - in Sagarsu upper flows, in Goygol, Gazngoldag, Gapichig Gamigaya divisions there are available ancient icy shapes, as well as in summer - snow caps lying on mountaintops.

LAKES

Taking into account dried climate conditions on the territory of Autonomous Republic here it is observed less quantity of lakes; their areas and capacities are not a big. It has, basically, relation to Nature lakes of the territory such as Nakhchivanchay and Gilanchay basins. On the territory of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic there are exists 20 lakes. There were established a certain number of watersheds (Arpachay, Uzunboa, Nehrem, Vayxir, Bananiyar, Gahab, Khok and etc.) and irrigated channels had been laid. One part of water shed of Araz water merger is placed in Nakhchivan territory.

FLORAL CLOTH

The territory of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic possesses by wealthy flora and vegetative coats. In comparison with other botanic-geography regions of Azerbaijan the flora of Autonomous Republic is richer. In this region there are met 2782 kinds of supreme herbs; they were agglomerated in 773 breeds and 134 families. Among those ones there 68 kinds' were cultivated as crops. There are 123 families and 697 breeds are related to agrarian plants. There are met flora 732 kinds in Arax river plains, 1326 kinds - in middle mountains, 640 kinds - in top mountains. The listed below vegetative cloth and its types are differed in the territory of Autonomous Republic: deserts and semi deserts, friganoid and steeped plants; mountain meadows and steeps; high grass, sub-Alp and Alpine plains; forests, oasis, riverbank grooves; pits and rock herbs, swamps.

WORLD OF ANIMALS

Owing to nature condition and world animal's wealthy range the territory of Autonomous Republic is differed from other regions in Azerbaijan. Animals habituating here comprise 60-80% of Azerbaijan fauna area. Autonomous Republic's animal world has been investigated since the second half of 19th century. There were highlighted among animal world: 813 kinds of butterflies, 134 kinds of sovka, 4 sorts of caterpillars, 3 kinds of beetles, 4 kinds of mantis, 67 kinds of rectal-wings', 75 kinds of grasshoppers, 480 kinds of semi-rigid-wings'.

In rivers and in lakes of Autonomous Republic there were discovered 29 kinds of osseous fishes.

In Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic it is available 6 kinds of amphibious animals and 19 kinds of reptiles.

Out of 366 kinds being registered in Azerbaijan more than half of them (218) are met in this territory. It is known 61 kinds of mammals. Out of 350 of spinal animals, being distributed throughout Autonomous Republic, 45 kinds were inserted into Red Book.
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